Glad you asked! A defouler is an aftermarket component that can trick the O2 sensor by creating flow for fuel vapors, even if the spark plugs are dirty.
Some people choose to add the spark plug defouler to an O2 sensor, tricking it into appearing perfectly functional—and thus removing the P0420 code, which is a low catalyst efficiency system warning. To be clear, this is rigging the vehicle and it’s not legal.
A better solution is to replace your old spark plugs.