How an alternator goes bad is because inside your engine, your alternator is exposed to extreme temperatures and lots of debris. These conditions can wear down your alternator’s bearings, which allow the rotor (in your alternator, different from your brake rotors) to spin. It’s simple: if the rotor cannot spin, the alternator cannot work.
Alternators can also wear out with time. Most only last between seven and ten years, so if you’d had yours for about that long, it’s probably time you got it looked at.