Microbial life can provide energy using a certain type of technology known as a microbial fuel cell. The way they work is pretty interesting, actually—the microbes within the fuel cell extract electrons from their food sources and transfer them into an electrical circuit, creating a charge that provides power. In a microbial fuel cell’s cathode, the electrons are then combined with oxygen and are put through a proton exchange membrane, which helps the fuel cell provide a stable flow of electricity.
One clever method even involves using microbial organisms to clean wastewater, while using their cleaning process to generate energy. In public wastewater collection sites, microbes could one day power entire cities and help them to better manage and recycle their water supply.